Exploring the Factors
Responsible for Gun and Knife Violence Among the Young Generation in the UK: A
Scoping Review
Marie White1, Divya Vinnakota1, Remsha
Hussain2, Madhini Sivasubramanian2
1Faculty of Health and
Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, UK,
2School of Allied Health,
Anglia Ruskin University, UK
*Corresponding
author: madhini.sivasubramanian@sunderland.ac.uk
Submitted: 26.05.2024 Accepted: 28.06.2024 Published: 01.08.2024
Keywords: youth
violence; gun violence; knife violence; mental health
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2020), identifies youth violence as the fourth leading cause
of death among those aged 10-29, highlighting its global public health
significance. In the UK, gun and knife crime among youth has escalated, with
knife violence offences increasing by 80% in England and Wales over the past
five years (Vinnakota et al., 2022). The Office for
National Statistics (2018) reports that these crimes are a significant concern,
significantly impacting psychological and social functioning and contributing
to premature mortality, injury, and disability.
A person's psychological and social functioning is
extensively and frequently impacted by gun and knife crime, and it also
significantly increases the global burden of premature mortality, injury, and
disability. 84% of victims of adolescent knife violence internationally are men
(WHO, 2020). The majority of those who participated in these incidents were
Black or Asian individuals, particularly young people between the ages of 10
and 25 (Vinnakota et al., 2022). Traynor (2016) also
mentions that gun and knife crime is also caused by racism, which is a series
of events that continue to this day.
The author continued, saying it led to several trials,
law changes, and the 1999 publication of the Macpherson report, which made a
moment of deep introspection concerning problems related to racism in
institutions and youth knife and gun violence in Britain. According to Williams (2023), black and Asian families in the
United Kingdom are disproportionately exposed to violence and crime in
impoverished environments because they are twice as likely to live in
disadvantaged neighbourhoods as their white counterparts.
Densley et al. (2020) stated that the problem of violence is national.
Furthermore, as violence increases, fewer people are being found guilty, which
erodes public confidence in the police to give victims and their families the
answers they need. For this reason, the Home Office invested £40 million and
released a new Serious Violence Strategy in April 2018. Youth violence (gun and
knife) increases the cost of health, welfare, and criminal justice services as
well as decreasing productivity and property value (WHO, 2020).
The gun rules and regulations in the United Kingdom
are renowned for being extremely stringent (Ministry of
Justice, 2023). Even deactivated weapons need to pass a rigorous process
and many tests to confirm that they cannot fire live ammunition (Ministry of
Justice, 2023). Despite this, there is still a high rate of gun crime in the
UK;6,369 cases were registered in the year that ended in September 2022
(Ministry of Justice, 2023).
According to the Ministry of Justice (2023), the
government is committed to taking decisive action against the ongoing epidemic
of violence that is destroying communities, and combating knife crime will be
their top priority. The House of Commons Library (2019)
stated that early intervention techniques included in the strategy are
collaborating with government agencies on projects like creating efficient
police-school partnership models and providing support for vulnerable children,
such as those who are "looked after" and excluded from school. The
government increased contributions to the Community Fund to combat knife crime
by up to £1 million.
As per Pitts (2020), gang-related factors were implicated in 31% of London
homicides, 47% of firearm discharges, 58% of firearm victims, and 22% of knife
crime among those under 25 years old. Pitts (2020) also mentions that Marion
Fitzgerald (2009) discovered that Black young men made up 58% of the victims in
the 10 to 17 age group in her research on killings in London from 1999 to 2005.
Pitts (2020) also stated that Mark Jackson (2010) discovered that
African-Caribbean males made up 32% of all homicide victims in his analysis of
London killings from 2000 to 2010, with 15 to 19-year-olds making up 56% of
that group.
African-Caribbean men made up most
the capital's homicide perpetrators (Pitts, 2020). The largest African-Caribbean population in London is
found in Lambeth (Pitts, 2020). Six murders four with a gun and two with a
knife occurred in Lambeth in the first half of 2007, and by December of that
year, the total had grown to 25 (Pitts, 2020). Of the 32 London boroughs, this
one had the second-highest rate of both fatal and non-fatal shootings between
2004 and 2006. According to data from the Mathematical Programming System
(MPS), children and young people aged 10 to 18 accounted for 22% of gun crime
in Lambeth during this period, and this crime was tied to gangs (Pitts, 2020).
Neyroud thought that the violence on the streets of Britain
demonstrated that the lack of policing had to do with the knife crime in
Britain Organization for World Peace (Roberts, 2020). Theresa May rejected this
idea and refuted any connection between knife crime and police cuts.
Nevertheless, her government's leaked data claimed that fewer police officers
have "probably contributed" to increased violent crime (OWP, 2020).
According to Golding and McClory (2008), murder is
always horrifying, but never more so than when the victim and the murderer are
both young. Golding and McClory (2008) further stated that this human loss has
a more significant financial impact. The economic burden of all gun-related
homicides exceeded £200 million. When murders with knives are included, the
cost is approximately £628 million.
According to Kinsella (2011), three
factors consistently appear in all communities and cities: financial
gain/poverty, lack of opportunities, and gang mentality. Kinsella (2011)
mentions that many of the young individuals who have committed gun and knife
crimes and whom she has spoken to appear to be from low-income households and
do not have enough money to get by. Kinsella (2011) further notes that, as
money is frequently insufficient to buy material or luxury goods or even
adequate food, young people resort to unethical and alternative means of
obtaining what they desire, which puts them on the path to crime. Silvestri et al. (2009) note that various parenting
styles can be protective or risk factors. An increased risk of gang involvement
is linked to inadequate parental supervision and control.
As per Skarlatidou et al. (2021), recent study
conducted on youth in England and Scotland found that practices such as
stop-and-search raise severe doubts about the legitimacy of law enforcement and
decreases public trust in the system, which in turn leads to a rise in criminal
activity. Skarlatidou et al. (2019) also mention that
young people were interviewed and risk factors such as lack of guardian, peer
influence, weapon carrying, substance abuse, and unsafe public spaces were
identified as high-risk factors that increase daily. They argue that “a strong
partnership with affected communities" is necessary for community
involvement, which is the cornerstone of a public health approach. Both the
Offending Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) and the Youth Justice Board (YJB)
Survey show that young people's carrying of knives is primarily influenced by
feelings of insecurity and protection (Eades et al,
2007).
According to the 2004 YJB Youth Survey, 2% of students
in school and 10% of excluded children had "carried a weapon to
school to defend oneself" (Eades et al, 2007). Evidence shows that victims
who do not trust the police have a bigger chance of going to prison because
they may choose to resolve the issue with violence rather than comply with the
police protocols (House of Commons Library, 2019). According to Eades et al. (2007), 48% of the
increase in knife-related crimes occurs in London. Pitts (2020) found the
highest rates of adult and youth unemployment in Europe in the poorest
neighbourhoods. Pitts (2020) notes that by 21st century, 1 in 5 White and 1 in
2 Black 16 to 24-year-olds did not have a job.
According to Haylock (2019), there
has been a global rise in youth criminal activity, which has had severe adverse
effects on the economy, society, and mental health. Interpersonal violence and
homicide rank as the third most common cause of death for individuals aged 15
to 19 worldwide (Haylock, 2019). Despite being recognised as a significant and
growing problem at the World Health Assembly, efforts to reduce youth violence
have not yet been prioritized or implemented. Haylock (2019) also notes that
this public health concern appears to be influenced by geographical location. For
instance, London accounts for 48% of the rise in weapon related crimes, and
current statistics show that the number of offences varies across major cities.
This variation may reflect differences in crime rates, social status,
educational attainment, and access to weapons (Haylock, 2019).
Methods
The search strategy included terms related to youth
violence, gun crime, and knife crime, combined using Boolean operators.
Inclusion criteria were primary research studies published in English between
2007 and 2024, focusing on the UK. Exclusion criteria included
non-peer-reviewed articles, reviews, and studies not focusing on the specified
age group.
This scoping review has included quantitative, mixed
method, and qualitative primary research studies. The electronic databases used
to search for articles are CINAHL, Medline, PubMed,
Sunderland Library, Google Scholar, and other approved websites. Thematic
analysis was used in this review.
Table 1: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Ethical Consideration
There are no specific ethical considerations required
for this study. This research is a knowledge synthesis that employs a
systematic and iterative approach. The researcher reviewed existing articles to
determine what ethical approvals had been used in those studies.
Table 2. PICO
|
PICO (Research Question) |
Problem Population |
Invention |
Control |
Outcome |
|
A study to examine
contributing factors of Gun and knife violence among young people between the
ages of 10 and 25 years old in the United Kingdom. |
Factors of Gun and
knife violence among young people between the ages of 10 and 25 years. |
Awareness in school
from an early age, primary, intermediate, and tertiary about the consequences
and dangers of carrying a knife and engaging in knife crime. |
Engagement in
mentoring programs, sports, and community centers. |
Reduction
of crime in the United Kingdom. |
Results and Discussion
A total of 648 articles were identified, with 11
meeting the inclusion criteria. The studies were analyzed to identify
contributing factors to gun and knife violence among young people in the UK,
resulting in three primary themes: socio-economic disparities, gang
involvement, and mental health.
Table 3: PRISMA Flowchart for Scoping Review
Table 4. Database Search Result
|
Search Results |
Excluded |
Included |
||
|
101 |
96 |
5 |
||
|
CINAHL |
2007 - 2024 |
57 |
57 |
0 |
|
Google Scholar |
2007 - 2024 |
68 |
66 |
2 |
|
Medline |
2007 - 2024 |
102 |
101 |
1 |
|
PubMed Central |
2007 - 2024 |
240 |
238 |
2 |
|
Sunderland Library |
2007 - 2024 |
80 |
79 |
1 |
|
Total |
|
648 |
637 |
11 |
|
Duplicates Removed |
648 |
|
|
|
Theme 1. Socio-economic Disparities: The first theme,
socio-economic disparities, highlights the influence of economic inequality and
community deprivation on youth violence. Golding and McClory (2008) argue that,
as observed in some communities of London and other major British cities, the
use of firearms can impact public safety and confidence in general. They
contend that the only successful strategy to address the escalating rates of
gun and knife violence in the community is to implement a multidimensional
system of prevention, intervention, and repression.
Pitts (2020) mentions the Black community due to the
perception that the police frequently use it as a tool to criminalize Black
youth unfairly. Vinnakota et al. (2022) points out other risk factors for
interpersonal and community violence that can lead to knife and gun crime.
These are deprivation, poverty, lack of education, gang membership, territory,
and a lack of recreational activities. They also stated that since knife crime
is a public health issue, precautions should be taken to protect people's quality
of life.
Theme 2. Gang Involvement: The second theme, gang
involvement, emphasizes the role of peer influence and gang dynamics in
escalating violent behaviours. Silvestri et al. (2009) mention that the
likelihood of engaging in gun and knife violence is significantly predicted by
gang membership between the ages of 14 and 16. Additionally, being involved in
a gang is alsoexpectedd by having acquaintances who
commit violent crimes. 23mit more and more crimes that they find difficult to
stop, whether to support their family or to pay for the lifestyle they already
lead. Vinnakota et al. (2022) reported that the top three causes of gun and
knife crime are family problems (7.7%), fights/gang attacks (15%), and street
violence including robbery (23.1%). These factors have identified as a
significant risk factors for knife crimes and need to be carefully considered.
Theme 3. Mental Health: The third theme, mental
health, explores the psychological impact of violence exposure and its
contribution to violent behaviour among youth. Moreover, Densley, et al. (2020)
researched the effectiveness of new harm reduction and contextual protection
measures and police gang databases. There is also a discussion of the paths
that lead to violence and resistance, focusing on mental well-being. The focus on mental health is a crucial
component of studies on teenage violence and its underlying causes. However,
gang members’ mental health and emotional states are still in its infancy. This
research differences between young people who are involved in gangs and those
who are not in terms of psychological discomfort, anxiety, despair, and
self-conscious feelings like shame and guilt. Their study, which involved
recruiting youth from secondary institutions in London between the ages of 13
and 19, reveals that gang members suffer from higher levels of psychological
anguish.
Table 5. characteristics and data extraction
|
Author’s/Year |
Aim/ Objective |
Methodology/ Study design |
Title |
Population/ Origin of Country |
Results/Outcome/Limitation |
|
Densley,
et al., 2020 |
To study youth violence and its cause
from the ground up, to inform discussions that are otherwise dominated by
policymakers, media commentators, and armchair theorists who are disconnected
from the empirical realities of street-level experiences. |
Qualitative Method |
An Introduction to Gangs and Serious
Youth Violence in the United Kingdom |
Young youth/ UK |
As the violence in the UK becomes an
increasingly serious issue. practitioners and politicians are still looking
for evidence-based answers. As editors, we hope that no reader will leave
this particular collection thinking, "So what?" instead, we hope
that this edition will operate as a standard for further study and practice
and a critical evaluation of the area. |
|
Eades
et al., 2007 |
The aim is to consolidate existing
information and research, and to make tentative assessments of the programmes
in place to combat knife usage. |
Qualitative method |
Knife Crime A review of evidence and
policy |
Young People/UK |
The estimate for the total number of
knife-related violent incidents over the decade is somewhat lower for
2006–2007 compared to 1997. Specifically, the estimate was 108,000 in 1997
and 148,000 in 2006–2007. Despite this, the number of knife events appears to
be increased over time. According to lower estimate for 2003-2004, the number
of knife-related events has never fallen below 104,000. |
|
Golding
and McClory, 2008 |
To focus on the lesson that policymakers
can learn from abroad on how to tackle gun and knife crime effectively. |
Quantitative method |
Getting to the Point |
Young People/UK |
The onset of violent crime and the
duration of the strategies in each of these four cities differ. While, their
tactics for violent crime varied, some similarities exist. It is challenging
to compare their rates of violent crime as a result. Nonetheless, we can
fairly compare the circumstances in each city over time. |
|
Pitts,
2020 |
To focus on the relationship between
crime and gang involvement among a small minority of Black young people in
London. |
Qualitative methods |
Black Young People and Gang Involvement
in London |
Young People/UK |
The overrepresentation of Black
African-Caribbean children and young people in serious violence in London is
still debatable, despite a substantial body of research regarding the
ethnicity of both the offenders and victims of serious violence. On one hand,
some academics, and organisations, such as Amnesty International, argue that
the role of Black youth in crime has been dramatically exaggerated due to the
government, media, and police's intense surveillance of this demographic and
the moral panic they created about a fictitious "gang problem." |
|
Silvestri,
et al., 2009 |
To examine what evidence exists about
the effectiveness of interventions aimed at tackling young people’s
involvement in ‘gun’ and ‘knife crime’. |
Qualitative method |
Young People, Knives and Guns |
Young People/UK |
The evaluation, which was an SMS level 4
study, revealed that young people who took part in "Caught in the
Crossfire" had a 60% lower chance of an unfavourable outcome than those
in the comparison group (such as being placed on probation, getting
re-arrested, or breaking probation rules) (Becker et al 2004). |
|
Skarlatidou,
et al., 2021 |
To understand young people’s experiences
and perceptions of knife crime, compare these to the understanding of police
experts to explore the perceptions shaping trust in the police and policing,
and ultimately identify effective strategies to re-establish trust between
young people and the police. |
Quantitative method |
Understanding Knife Crime and Trust in
Police with Young People in East London |
Young People/UK |
Over two months, from 2020-01-15 to
2020-03-10, volunteers utilised the CinCity App to
record their personal experiences and compile their peers' experiences at the
two East London Colleges. On March 3, 2020, and March 10, 2020, there were
two workshops where volunteers participated in data drives by visiting
college students to inquire about their experiences with knife incidents. If
we consider only the number of reports that were either “Fairly worried” or
“Very worried,” Hackney does not feature as a location for many worrying
incidents. Instead, it is the surrounding boroughs, Waltham Forest (22),
Haringey (11), Camden (7), Islington (7), and Westminster (6), where most
“worry” incidents were reported (Figure 2). Thus, while local areas may
influence concerns, the specific instances of worry about knife crime are
spread across various locations where young people are likely to encounter
issues that cause them concern. |
|
Traynor,
2016 |
To explore knife-carrying from multiple
perspectives, not just those who carry knives. |
Mixed methods |
Closing the 'Security gap' Young People,
'StreetLife' and Knife Crime |
Young People, Male and Female, Mix
Ethnicity |
When looking at data on knife crime, it
is evident that a large portion of the available data is either inconsistent,
poorly reported, or outdated. Thus, gathering fresh information on knife
crime is essential. However, more efficient use can also be made of
already-existing data sources and to enhance data presentation and analysis
systems. The study has revealed specific significant themes that might
benefit from future research, for example, relating to young people’s
attempts to develop security and resilience, 276 and the operation of a
‘civic code’. |
|
Vinnakota
et al., 2022 |
To evaluate potential knife crime in the
UK from 2011 to 2021 and analyse the causes and risk factors associated with
the crimes. |
Qualitative method. |
Exploring UK Knife crime and its
associated factors: A content analysis of online newspapers |
Young people/UK |
Between January 2011 and December 2021,
692 reports were discovered. Three-quarters of the knife crime cases reported
by the six online news portals that were screened came from the metro, with
the Guardian coming in second (26.2%), Evening Standard (15.6%), Daily Mirror
(15.5%), and Sun (8.8%). Six hundred eighty-two cases were recorded, with a
61.8 % southern and a 14.9% northern distribution. These 692 reports included
victims who numbered 911 in all. In approximately 81.8 % of cases, just one
victim is mentioned, but 18.2% of reports indicate two to eight victims. |
|
William,
2023 |
To retrace the interactions and
communication that gradually assigned these associated meanings through the
2000s, arguing that the construction of knife crime youths has performed a
critical hegemonic function by both facilitating cohesive social outage and
justifying the extension of police powers in post-industrial Britain. |
Qualitative method |
Policing the Crisis in the 21st
Century; The Making of “Knife Crime Younths” in
Britain |
Young people/UK |
Investigating this further, media
studies have shown that, while it is still a prominent news value, violence
is no longer as intense as it once was. Before the term "knife
crime" was coined, many non-fatal stabbings, knife carrying, knife threats,
and knife homicides were not considered newsworthy. |
|
Haylock,
2019 |
To identify and synthesise evidence from
a broad range of literature to identify risk or protective factors associated
with weapon carrying, weapon usage, homicides, gang involvement, or
victimisation of weapon-related crime, for young people (age 10 – 24 years)
within the UK. |
Mix Method |
Risk factors associated with knife crime
in the United Kingdom among young people aged 10 to 24 years. |
Young People / UK |
The results contradict the popular
perception presented in the media by showing no correlation between gender or
ethnicity and juvenile violence. Adverse childhood experiences and poor
mental health are positively connected with youth and gang violence in
multiple study publications. It was proposed that there was a common link
between juvenile violence and social and community risk factors, such as
economic disparity and prejudice. Since this is a rapidly expanding field of
study, only a small number of studies were included in the review, which may
have limited the number of risk variables that could be found. It was
impossible to conduct a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of the
studies. |
William (2020) stated that knife crime has
historically been associated with concerns about public space management.
However, the current spike in stop-and-search activities in these locations
blatantly demonstrates who is considered welcome and who is not, delineating
between a citizen and an "Other."
Haylock's (2019) study shows that adverse childhood
experiences and poor mental health are positively connected with gun and knife
violence. Several articles identified high rates of depression, anxiety, and
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among gang members.
Evaluation of the Findings
The review highlights the significant influence of
socioeconomic disparities on the prevalence of gun and knife violence among
young people in the United Kingdom. For example, areas characterised by high
levels of poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to educational and
employment opportunities were found to have higher rates of violence.
Additionally, the review underscores how limited resources in disadvantaged
communities contribute to feelings of hopelessness and marginalisation, which
can manifest in violent behaviours. In a
study conducted by Vinnakota, et al. (2022), Knife and gun crime are associated
with individual risk variables such as gender, age, ethnicity, financial
hardship, and socioeconomic status. These characteristics are also linked to
past victimization, exposure to violence, mental illness, drug addiction, low
academic success, and exclusion from mainstream schooling. Kinsella (2011)
conducted a study identifying three factors prevalent in all communities: financial gain, poverty, and lack of opportunities
Gun and knife crime have a significant and frequent influence on an
individual's psychological and social functioning. It also significantly raises
the global burden of premature mortality, injury, and disability (WHO, 2020).
Across the 11 articles, various dimensions of gang
involvement were explored, including recruitment tactics, gang membership
duration, and the impact of gang affiliation on mental health. Findings suggest
that gang involvement is associated with increased mental health risks, such as
trauma exposure and psychological distress. Through the Integrated
Socioeconomic Support (ISS) program, the government and community organization
should prioritize initiatives to address socio-economic disparities. This
approach will provide access to education, job opportunities, affordable
housing, and social welfare programs targeted at disadvantaged youth.
There is a critical need for targeted interventions to
address gang involvement among young people in the United Kingdom. Implementing
community-based programs, such as Gang Intervention and Prevention Programs
(GIPP), which offer alternatives to gang affiliation, including mentorship,
vocational training, and recreational activities, can help divert at-risk youth
away from violence. Enhanced Mental Health Services (EMHS) by improved access
to mental health services and early intervention programs, is essential.
Investing in mental health resources within schools, communities, and
healthcare systems can provide support for young people struggling with mental
health challenges, reducing the likelihood of resorting to violence.
Table 6. Common themes and Codes
This review underscores the multifaceted nature of
youth violence in the UK, highlighting the influences of socio-economic
disparities, gang involvement, and mental health issues. Effective strategies
should integrate socio-economic support, preventive measures against gang
involvement, and accessible mental health services to address this pressing
public health issue.
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